Unicellular vs Multicellular

Seamus Heaney Biography and Works

Francis Bacon Essay "Of parents and children "

Of parents and children 

The first master of the essay form in English, Francis Bacon (1561-1626) was confident that of all his works in "The Essay’s are; Counsels, Civil and Moral(1625) would "last as long as books last." One of the best-known essays from that enduring collection is “of Parents and Children”

Essay ”Of Parents and Children” written by Francis Bacon, a famous English philosopher and

scientist whose aphorism (terse sentences) Scientia potentia est (knowledge is power ) is known to everyone in the world,

represents a lot of interesting philosophical ideas. These ideas can be easily related to the present day principles and concepts. The philosophy of Francis Bacon is concluded in the fact that the major goal of scientific knowledge lies in providing benefit to the humanity. (Anderson, 1992, p.124)

My goal in this essay in to give a critical analysis of Francis Bacon’s philosophical work Of

Parents and Children.

Francis Bacon in his essay “of parents and children “shows the relationship of parents with their children, their responsibilities and the advantages and disadvantages of having children.

Bacon says that;

The joys, sorrow and the fears of the parents with regard to their children are personal

and private, not to be shared with others.

·        Pros and Cons of having Children(advantages and disadvantages);

                          

Bacon states that;

     “children sweeten labor, but they make misfortune more bitter”.

Children make it easy to bear hard work because the parent's labor will benefit the

children. But they find it harder to bear misfortunes because of the thought that these misfortunes will affect the children's well-being.

 Anxiety is increased by children but this is compensated by the thought that their memories will be perpetuated(to preserve from extinction) through their children and this makes the thought of death easier to bear.

Every species perpetuates its elder through reproduction, but it is a man alone who possesses the intellectual achievements and memory.

 Childless men do more noble deeds than those who have children. Such men have no image of themselves to leave behind, thus they seek to express and perpetuate themselves through their noble deeds which benefit mankind.

·        Parents responsibilities:

Bacon states that;

“Parents who wish to train up their children in the way they should go must go in the way in which they would have their children go.”

In the above statement, bacon talks about the responsibilities of parents, concerning the upbringing of children.

 Children are deep observers, they also learn from actions not only from words. parents must love their children in a responsible manner and provide for their healthy growth.

They must inspire their children by their own “exemplary life” and must never neglect to correct their faults.

PARENTS must provide for the material and spiritual welfare of their children. A parent is their child’s first teacher and should remain their best teacher throughout life. It is a responsibility of parent’s to preach their child moral values as they would become a good person in their future and works for the benefit of humanity.

“Parents are the ultimate role models for children.”

·        Faults of parents towards their child;

The great philosopher and keen observer of human nature, the Francis bacon tries to show parents their faults towards the children rights.

Ø Unequal favoritism: Parents, often discriminate in their love for their children this is not desirable.

        In a large family, the eldest child gets some attention and the youngest is often spoilt.

         The ones in the middle are ignored but often prove themselves to be the best of the lot.

Ø Illiberality: Parents should not be miserly in giving their children pocket allowance. This is harmful as it will lead them into crooked and dishonest ways and open to overindulgence if they come into plenty in later life. Authority should be exercised but there should be liberality in pocket allowance.

Ø  Encourage a spirit of rivalry: Another bad practice is to encourage a spirit of competition among children.

       This develops into disharmony in the family when they are older.

        “Every word, movement and action has an effect on child. No other person or outside force has a greater influence on a child than the parent.” 

·        Nephews and own Children;

Here writer shows the intentions of parents towards the children of their near relations.

The Italians make no distinction between their own children and those of near relations.

This is justified because a nephew sometimes bears a greater resemblance to a person

then his own child.

·       Profession for a Child;

Parents should choose a suitable profession for their child.

 The choice should be made early when the child is yet pliable(easily influenced).

“One of the greatest gifts a parent can give a child is to help them find their talent”

 Any initial aversion(a strong feeling of dislike) felt by a child for the profession will be overcome by custom(A habitual practice).

If, however, the child's inclination is markedly opposed to the

profession of parental choice, then he may be allowed to make his own choice.

“The Passion of a child should be important to parents”

Younger brothers generally come to good as they have a strong incentive(encouragement for action) to hard work.

This incentive is withdrawn if the elder brother is disinherited and the younger child hopes to be the beneficiary of a lot of wealth.

Critical Remarks

This essay belongs to the category in which Bacon views man in relation to the world and society. Bacon has an ability to say so much, with great depth, in so few words. The subject of this essay is of the common and widespread interest.

 This essay contains some indisputably sound advice regarding the bringing up of children.

 This speaks for the keen insight Bacon possessed.No doubt he was the wisest man having shrewd intellect.

Though the subject could easily involve sentimentality, Bacon considers it in the clear light of unsentimentality. He prepares, as usual, a balance-sheet of advantages and disadvantages which are a lot of parents.

Apparently, Bacon did not consider people with children an asset to society, as he says;

“He that hath wife and children hath given hostages to fortune”.

The difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Critical appreciation of "Melodic Trains" by JOHN ASHBURY

THE MELODIC TRAINS

Life is a perpetual journey into the unconscious regions of the human mind, which brings up a new perspective each time an activity is stirred. The poem shows the poet sitting on a train heading towards a destination. He is not alone. There is a little girl who attracts his attention but only for a short time because later the people and scenes in and around the train capture his imagination. He feels in relation to every thing around him.

According to Ashbery, ‘Life is in motion’. We spend our time in trains, boats and buses and time is fleeting like these four wheelers. Time is precious and unique. Melodic Trains is a journey of time. We come across various destinations, fall into confusions which have repercussions on our memories. We often reach destinations, not desired by us. Melodic Trains becomes a journey of life, the faces of passengers and what all the time is going in their minds.

The poem is a nice piece of poetry full of thought-provoking ideas. It is a realistic presentation of town life. It is a fine blend of subjective and objective views. It is just a poem but has been presented before us in such cinematic approach before our eyes that we feel a part of the whole train experience physically and spiritually. The poet has taken watch, travel, pipe, taxi, and destinations as the raw material for the production of the poem and conveys the humdrum routine of the town dwellers in many perspectives.

A CRITIQUE OF MELODIC TRAINS

Introduction

The poem shows melodically sounding related series of thoughts that are developing in your mind. They are called Melodic trains for they have the power to transform the minds of people from some ordinary experience to some particular. The poem is a fine example of stream of consciousness technique.

The poem shows the complexity of thoughts as they pass through a sensitive mind of a poet. A poetic mind has a great capacity for associating this similar and distinct thought. That is why; the poem has more than one layer of meaning. The title itself suggests the thought process growing on within the poet’s mind. The outer journey in her real train is paralleled by a symbolic train of thoughts and melodies, poetic ideas running through the mind.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THOUGHT

Vanities expressed through appearances

The first thought or theme present in the poem is the expression of vanities through appearances when the little girl in the stanza asks the poet what time it is:

Asks me what time it is—evidently, that’s a toy wristwatch
She’s wearing, for fun.  And it is fun to wear other
Odd things, like this briar pipe and tweed coat

It is surprising how children satisfy their vanity with toys and fake objects, A little girl with scarlet enameled fingernails
which cannot fulfill their need. The toy watch doesn’t tell the time. It is not only children but adults also do the same and are caught up in vanities and appearances. The poet discovers that the color of his overcoat resembles the color of brown mountains; in fact, the seams of his coat actually look like the white paths running down the slopes of the mountains. His thoughts drifting to his clothes suddenly discover that clothes are like a mask hiding the reality. Just as one cannot find out the reality under the clothes, we cannot find the reality of the appearances. The theme of appearance and reality and the vanities to satisfy one’s self on fake foundations starts right from the beginning. Delight in seemingly beautiful objects without any special unity is what associates the elders with the youngers because psychologically, they are the same. Basic instinct, at all levels, remains the same all over the world regardless of race, age, region or nation.  But it is very difficult to understand human psychology only by appearances. As far as the appearances are concerned, we are all children. This is only one of the ideas and feelings that the poet experiences while traveling on the train. 

The process of meditation and Meaning in Life

Though Melodic Trains is Ashbery’s secondary work, yet it was hailed as ‘Marvelous’ by David Bromwich and ‘great’ by Hollander. The poem is highly personal and in the words of Huybernsz, ‘throws the reader out of the poem’. According to one critic, the poem suggests ‘the premise of this marvelous poem is a journey around New York City.’ The opening metaphor is that of music which sets the poet in meditation and finds meanings in life. The main purpose in life seems, how to live and what to do? 

This process of meditation begins when a little girl asks the poet time. The poet is attracted towards the jagged peaks of the mountains by the seams of his coat and later caught up in the humdrum of everyday life. Rather than a meaning, the poet finds confusion, crowds, and tensions everywhere. A sense of entrapment encapsulates us, we find surrounded by troubles all around us and find no way out. The Pisa figures ultimately end this process of mediation and life seems a perpetual struggle against the odds of society. We keep oscillating between the complex beginning and peaceful end and sometimes, peaceful begging and complex and disturbing end.

Symbolic Elements – Melodic Trains as the drama of life

Only the wait in stations is vague and Dimensionless, like oneself.  How do they decide how much Time to spend on each?  One being to suspect there’s no
Rule or that it’s applied haphazardly.

Next, the train takes turns like a pencil and the poet experiences that life too is like a train full of complexity and running to its destination – death. As in an ordinary journey, the train stops at various stations for brief moments. We also pause at some state of life before turning into a new direction. The faces of the passengers standing outside the platforms of different stations melt into the faces of those million faces, the poet reads different expressions. Some carry on eternal sadness. Some reflect disillusionment with life and its receptive appearance; some show anxiety about the future. There are questions in every mind.  Will the taxi be available; will someone come to welcome me? These and many others perplex the mind of travelers. As the following lines show:

The sadness on the faces of children on the platform,
The concern of the grownups for connections, for the chances
Of getting a taxi, since these have no timetable.
You get one if you can find one though in principle

These questions asked in ordinary life reflect those questions in the next world. The poet contemplates some spiritual and metaphysical issues at this point. The complexities of the world symbolize those of the hereafter and regarding the future of man in the next world. The is a haphazard dimension in life which disturbs all routines and the same is to be found on the Day the Judgment when this haphazardness blends into a unique Death which rampages everything on the earth.

One of these issues is the role of chance in the course of life. Although the chance is just a segment of the total certainty, chance governs a large part of our existence. The total existence of human activity is controlled by chance, which may be termed as Fate.

Chance, fate, stages of journey and chorus let us enter into the drama of life which is more visible in the following remarkable lines:

It’s as though a visible chorus called up the different
Stages of the journey, singing about them and bring them

The train journey becomes a semblance to the drama in real life. As the play has acts and chorus as the character, so is the situation here. Every man and woman along with their family members act as chorus throughout all the stages of their life – tragic or comic may be.

Oneness and Identification

The platform or waiting to board the train are my brothers
In a way that really wants to tell me whey, there is so little Panic and disorder in the world, and so much unhappiness. If I were to get down now to stretch, take a few steps

Realizing the basic anxieties of the heart, the poet feels complete oneness and identification with the fellow travelers. Since this journey symbolizes life. It is a moment of human unity which the poet experiences. He wonders whether complete communication between the individual and community is possible. The journey of the train is taken lightly by the little girl and the likes, but for the poet is a serious activity, perhaps a moment of contemplation(guilt) which he identifies himself with the fellow travelers who also share the same problems and who are also human beings like himself. They are like brothers, as the poet calls them and require our perfect sympathy and attention. And we need to convince each other because if there are little panic and disorder, why are we creating for ourselves. Sometimes, it is our attitude that makes us tense rather than the tension itself. The gap that exists between one man and the other in the modern period can be only bridged if communication barriers, such as alienation, estrangement and personal entrapment are removed.

The symbolic journey of the train ends when the poet receives a warm welcome and as the journey of the train stops, the melodic trains of his mind also stop as depicted in the following lines:

Of good fortune and colossal welcomes from the mayor and Citizens’ committees tossing their hats into the air

Style, Imagery, and Technique

The poet employs a traditional image of a train journey to denote life and its non-stop voyage. There are also associated images such as station, marking a temporary stopover and passengers representing fellow human beings. The images of toy and enameled nails signify the theme of false appearances and deceptions. This idea is further enhanced by the Big White Apples or the fumes of the train covering up the plat farm. The poem is a good example of stream of consciousness technique the poem’s start immediately by the little girl’s question about time began to express might issues like mortality, chance and time.

The poem is perfectly a representative of modern American Sensibility. The striking images of tweed coat and its seams and the enameled nails of the little girl are such powerful images that they transpose us to the very place in whose imagination, the poem was written.  The natural imagery of date-palm trees and the alps lend freshness to the poem in contrast to the artificial imagery of tweed coat and enameled nails. (artificial imagery) The image of Pisa Tower is a true reflective of the modern man’s psychological complexities. Melodic trains, in terms of images, techniques, symbols, and style is a modern piece of poetry.

Conclusion

Melodic Trains is a fine piece of poetry in which the poet addresses a number of issues, political, social, familial and psychological. It is a journey of life and the end of the journey ends in optimism and happiness on the typical note of ‘Welcome Home!’ Even then the complexities of life surround us because home introduces new problems for us, the end of the poem is only a temporary happy moment of life.

The poem imparts a deep philosophy of life. Life is full of restlessness, tensions, and discontentment, but it is also true that most of the problems in life are caused by the insane attitude of modern man.

Clouds of anxiety, of sad, regretful impatience
With ourselves, our lives, the way we have been dealing
With other people up until now.  Why couldn’t
We have been more considerate?

Clouds of anxiety are scattered everywhere, at each stop. During these anxious moments, we create more trouble for other people and forget that there are also humans like us and demand our full sympathy and respect. The poet raises the issue of sympathy and its importance in everyday life. Haste and race have spread panic and disorder in our mechanical life. The hurry to reach home makes life only complex rather than solve any practical issue.